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hobuheinik

Page history last edited by PBworks 17 years, 4 months ago

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hobuheinik(Tricholoma equestre)

Seni väga heaks söögiseeneks peetud hobuheinik on nüüdseks veidi oma väärtusest kaotanud ja just seetõttu, et alkoholiga koos tarvitatuna võib ta põhjustada mürgistust.


Tricholoma equestre (Tricholoma flavovirens)

 

 

by Michael Kuo

 

This widely distributed species (or cluster of species, perhaps) can be recognized through a combination of features:

 

White spore print, attached gills, medium stature, and other features that define the genus Tricholoma (see the key to Pale-Spored Gilled Mushrooms if you are unsure).

Lack of a partial veil.

Growth under conifers.

A bright yellow cap that becomes brownish with age and lacks prominent blackish appressed fibrils.

Mealy or mild taste.

Yellow gills and stem.

A bit of a long list, I admit, but all the features should be matched before calling your find Tricholoma equestre (also known as Tricholoma flavovirens), since there are many similar species.

 

But even if you have matched all the defining features, and even if you are looking at a field guide that lists Tricholoma equestre as a good edible, this species is poisonous and should not be eaten. Fatal poisonings have been well documented since most available field guides were published. For a full discussion, see the material below.

 

Description:

 

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with conifers--especially pines (species of Pinus), but a small form is also documented with spruces and firs; occasionally reported with Madrone and with Quaking Aspen (but both of these trees often grow in the vicinity of conifers, or as pioneers in areas where conifers were recently logged); growing scattered or gregariously; widely distributed in North America; fall and winter.

 

Cap: 3-12 cm; broadly convex or nearly flat; sticky when fresh, but often dry; bright yellow when young and fresh, often with an olive brown or brownish center; becoming yellow-brown by maturity; smooth or with a few appressed fibers over the center, (but not prominently overlaid with blackish radiating fibers); the margin initially rolled under somewhat.

 

Gills: Attached to the stem, often by means of a notch; close; pale to bright yellow.

 

Stem: 2-10 cm long; up to 2 cm thick; more or less equal, or with an enlarged base; smooth or very finely hairy; pale yellow or whitish near the apex, yellow below; often discoloring yellow-brown, especially near the base.

 

Flesh: White to very pale yellow near the cap surface; not changing on exposure.

 

Taste: Mealy or not distinctive; odor mealy or not distinctive.

 

Spore Print: White.

 

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface sometimes (but apparently not always) pinkish.

 

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-8.5 x 3-6 µ; smooth; elliptical; inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections absent.

 

REFERENCES: (Brtizelmayr, 1893) Kriesel, 1984. (Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; Ovrebo, 1980; Weber & Smith, 1985; Arora, 1986; Breitenbach & Kränzlin, 1991; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Shanks, 1996; Evenson, 1997; Barron, 1999; Bedry and Others, 2001; Lassøe & Lincoff, 2002; Roody, 2003; McNeil, 2006.) Herb. Kuo 09010605.

 

Tricholoma flavovirens is the name used by most North American authors. However, the Index Fungorum lists Tricholoma equestre as the correct name.

 

Small, slender forms of Tricholoma equestre are regularly collected under spruces and firs. I have collected such forms under Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir in the Rocky Mountains, but they should also be expected under Balsam Fir in northeastern North America. The more robust forms may be limited to association with true pines (species of Pinus, with bundled needles).

 

Poisoning by Tricholoma equestre

 

Poisoning cases resulting from Tricholoma equestre have been well documented recently, beginning with the 2001 publication in the New England Journal of Medicine of a paper detailing 12 cases in France, three of which were fatal. Subsequent cases were published in Polish medical journals in 2002 and 2003. Links to these papers (or their abstracts) are provided below.

 

The toxins in Tricholoma equestre cause rhabdomyolysis--a dangerous deterioration of skeletal muscles that can lead to kidney failure (among many other horrible things). Researchers have confirmed the results of human poisonings by administering human-equivalent doses of Tricholoma equestre extract to mice, who also suffered rhabdomyolysis.

 

North American collections are not necessarily safe, even though the documented poisonings have been European. To make a very long story short: no one knows whether the North American and European versions of this mushrooms are actually genetically the same, and the risk is too high to merit continued consumption. Yes, many people have eaten Tricholoma equestre without poisoning themselves--but the same can be said about False Morels, even though they are extremely dangerous.

 

The French cases (which occurred between 1992 and 2000) involved consumption of many mushrooms. In all 12 of the French cases, the victims ate large quantities of Tricholoma equestre for at least three meals in a row. The Polish cases involved even higher consumption rates. However, it would be extremely foolish to assume that limited consumption of a few mushrooms is necessarily, therefore, safe.

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